Answer :
Final answer:
The body responds to hypoventilation by increasing the rate and depth of ventilation through a negative-feedback mechanism involving the medulla oblongata and pons, which regulate the respiratory system in response to carbon dioxide levels and blood pH to maintain homeostasis.
Explanation:
Regulation of Breathing Rate and Ventilation
When hypoventilation occurs, the body must adjust the rate and depth of ventilation to maintain homeostasis of blood gases and pH. Central control of breathing is managed by the medulla oblongata and pons, which respond to changes in blood CO₂ levels and pH by altering the respiratory rate. A high CO₂ level leads to a decrease in blood pH, which stimulates these breathing centers to increase ventilation, normalizing the levels of gases and pH in the blood.
The respiratory system's ability to adjust its functions, including hyperpnea, is essential for responding to the body's oxygen demands. In hyperpnea, both the rate and depth of breathing increase, enabling the body to intake more oxygen as needed, such as during exercise or when ascending to higher altitudes.
Through this negative-feedback mechanism, if the rate of breathing is too low, the system will respond by increasing the volume and frequency of breaths. Conversely, high respiratory rates will trigger a reduction in the volume per breath to avoid over-ventilation and maintain optimal levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
