Answer :
Final answer:
Peripheral chemoreceptors regulate ventilation by sensing changes in PCO2, pH, and oxygen levels in the blood. Increased CO2 leads to increased ventilation, which helps normalize blood pH and oxygen levels. This regulation is vital for maintaining homeostasis and meeting the body's metabolic demands.
Explanation:
Changes in PCO2, pH, and oxygen content in the blood detected by chemoreceptors lead to alterations in ventilation rate and depth. Rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood cause an increase in hydrogen ion concentration, leading to a decrease in pH (more acidic conditions). The peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries sense these changes and respond by increasing ventilation. This helps to expel excess CO2 from the body, which consequently reduces the hydrogen ion concentration and raises the systemic pH back towards normal levels.
Blood levels of oxygen are also monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors. If oxygen levels drop significantly (to about 60 mm Hg or less), these chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in respiratory activity. However, they do not sense oxygen bound to hemoglobin, only the dissolved oxygen molecules in the blood. A substantial drop in oxygen levels is necessary to trigger a response from the chemoreceptors, leading to an increase in ventilation, allowing for more oxygen to be picked up by the blood and more CO2 to be released.
In response to the changes in the body, the respiratory centers in the brain modulate the respiratory rate to ensure proper gas exchange in accordance with the body's metabolic demands. This interaction between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems ensures adequate oxygen delivery and removal of CO2 as waste.
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