Answer :
Several factors influence breathing, including chemical factors, neural factors, and mechanical factors.
Chemical factors play a vital role in regulating ventilation. The levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ions (pH) in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid are monitored by chemoreceptors. Increased levels of CO2 and decreased levels of O2 or pH trigger an increase in ventilation to remove excess CO2 and replenish oxygen levels.
Neural factors involve the central and peripheral nervous systems. The medulla oblongata and pons in the brainstem regulate the rate and depth of breathing. The medulla sets the basic rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps regulate the rate and pattern of breathing during various activities. Neural impulses from receptors located in the lungs, airways, and muscles provide feedback to the respiratory centers, adjusting ventilation according to respiratory demands.
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