Answer :
Reduced minute ventilation, elevated metabolic rate, and reduced effective ventilation are the causes of an increased end-tidal PCO2. So, all options are correct.
The amount of carbon dioxide in arterial or venous blood is measured by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2). It frequently acts as a sign of adequate alveolar ventilation in the lungs. Normally, the value of PCO2 falls between the range of 35 to 45 mmHg, or 4.7 to 6.0 kPa, under normal physiological conditions. Although an arterial blood gas is typically used to measure PCO2, there are additional approaches, such as peripheral venous, central venous, or mixed venous sampling.
An indirect indicator of arterial carbon dioxide concentration is the end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2). The latter is utilized to decide on the proper ventilation for the patient who is under anesthesia.
To know more about minute ventilation
brainly.com/question/28116668
#SPJ4
