Answer :
Final answer:
The two noninvasive interventions used to assess oxygenation and ventilation are pulse oximetry and capnography. Pulse oximetry measures blood oxygen saturation, while capnography measures exhaled carbon dioxide. Accurate assessment of these factors is vital for ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Explanation:
The two noninvasive interventions used to assess for the adequacy of oxygenation and effectiveness of ventilation are pulse oximetry and capnography. Pulse oximetry measures the saturation of oxygen in the blood by using a sensor attached to a thin area of the patient's body, usually a fingertip or earlobe. Capnography measures the amount of carbon dioxide in exhaled air, offering insight into the patient’s ventilation status.
Sufficient ventilation and perfusion are crucial for effective gas exchange within the alveolar air sacs. When the body experiences insufficient ventilation or perfusion, it may adapt through increased breathing rate or altered blood flow to maintain oxygen levels within the body. External respiration involves the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, while internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the body's cells.
Factors that can impede ventilation and perfusion, leading to mismatch or imbalance, include regional gravity effects on blood, blocked alveolar ducts, or respiratory diseases. Clinical measures for assessing respiratory function also include maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), slow vital capacity (SVC), total lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), and residual volume (RV).
