Answer :
The contact process is a method used to produce sulfuric acid through oxidation of sulfur dioxide and conversion of sulfur trioxide to sulfuric acid.
To create the best conditions for effective absorption, 98.5 to 99% H2SO4 is employed for SO3 absorption in contact processes. While defoamers stop foam from forming in polymer coatings, surface additives improve qualities like wetting and adherence.
1- Describe the manufacture of sulfuric acid by contact process using box diagram:
The contact process is a method used to produce sulfuric acid. It involves several steps:
- Oxidation of sulfur dioxide: In the presence of a catalyst, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is oxidized to sulfur trioxide (SO3). This reaction is exothermic.
- Conversion of sulfur trioxide to sulfuric acid: The sulfur trioxide is then reacted with water (H2O) to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). This reaction is highly exothermic.
- Purification and concentration: The sulfuric acid is purified and concentrated through several stages of condensation and absorption, until it reaches a desired concentration.
2- Why we use 98.5 to 99% H2SO4 for absorption of SO3 in contact process:
H2SO4 with a concentration of 98.5 to 99% is used for the absorption of SO3 in the contact process because this concentration range provides the ideal conditions for efficient absorption.
Higher concentrations would result in higher temperatures, which can lead to side reactions and decreased efficiency.
3- How do surface additives and defoamers affect the surface of polymer coatings:
Surface additives and defoamers can have different effects on the surface of polymer coatings:
- Surface additives: These additives can enhance properties such as wetting, leveling, and adhesion. They improve the flow and spreadability of the coating, resulting in a smoother and more uniform surface.
- Defoamers: Defoamers are used to reduce or eliminate foam formation during the application of coatings. Foam can negatively affect the final appearance and quality of the coating. Defoamers work by destabilizing foam bubbles and preventing their formation.
The box diagram for manufacturing of sulfuric acid by contact process, is attached below.
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