Answer :
Final answer:
During exercise, an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and lactic acid production in the blood stimulate an increase in ventilation. Chemoreceptors, both peripheral and central, detect these chemical changes and regulate ventilation accordingly.
Explanation:
During exercise, the body undergoes several chemical changes that stimulate an increase in ventilation. One of the primary changes is an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. As exercise requires more energy, the body's metabolism increases, leading to the production of more CO2 as a byproduct. The increased CO2 levels in the blood act as a stimulus for ventilation.
Chemoreceptors, both peripheral and central, play a crucial role in detecting these chemical changes and regulating ventilation. Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies, while central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla oblongata of the brain.
When CO2 levels rise in the blood, it diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and triggers a reaction with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. The increase in carbonic acid concentration in the CSF stimulates the central chemoreceptors, which then send signals to the respiratory centers in the brainstem to increase ventilation.
In addition to CO2, the production of lactic acid during exercise also contributes to the increase in ventilation. Lactic acid is produced when the body breaks down glucose for energy in the absence of sufficient oxygen. The accumulation of lactic acid in the blood leads to a decrease in blood pH, which is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors. These chemoreceptors send signals to the respiratory centers in the brainstem, resulting in an increase in ventilation to remove the excess acid and restore pH balance.
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